Resumen: Evaluar si los sistemas de instrumentación de lima única, como WaveOne Gold y Reciproc son efectivos para reducir la carga microbiana de un biofilm mixto y la limpieza del tercio apical, comparado con los sistemas de limas múltiples, como Twisted File Adaptive. Setenta raíces mesiales de primeros y segundos molares fueron incluidos y divididos de forma aleatoria en tres grupos experimentales (n=20, n=10 controles). El biofilm fue formado en el interior de los conductos durante 31 días. Después se instrumentó con los sistemas de lima única (WaveOne Gold y Reciproc) y el sistema de limas múltiples Twisted File Adaptive, usando hipoclorito de sodio al 2.5% en todos los casos. El conteo de unidades formadoras de colonias se realizó usando diluciones seriales, la limpieza del tercio apical se evaluó empleando el microscopio electrónico de barrido. La comparación entre grupos se realizó con pruebas paramétricas y no paramétricas, de acuerdo con la distribución normal y no normal de los datos, respectivamente. No hubo una diferencia significativa en la reducción de la carga microbiana después de emplear los sistemas de lima única en comparación a los de limas múltiples, además, la limpieza del tercio apical fue similar en los 3 diferentes sistemas de instrumentación. Los sistemas de lima única son igual de efectivos para reducir la carga microbiana comparados con los sistemas de limas múltiples.

Abstract: To evaluate whether the WaveOne Gold and Reciproc single file instrumentation systems, are effective in reducing the microbial load of a mixed biofilm and the cleaning of apical third compared to the Twisted File Adaptive system (multiple- file system). Seventy mesial roots of the first and second molars were included and randomly divided into three experimental groups (n=20, n=10 controls). Biofilms were formed inside canals over 31 days. After instrumentation with the unique file systems, WaveOne Gold and Reciproc and the multiple file system Twisted File Adaptive, using 2.25% sodium hypochlorite as an irrigant in all cases, a count of colony forming units was performed using serial dilutions, cleaning of the apical third was evaluated using scanning electron microscopy. Comparisons amongst groups were made by using parametric and non-parametric statistics, according to a normal or non-normal data distribution, respectively. No significant differences in the reduction of the microbial load after employing a single-file system in comparison to the multiple-file system were found; in addition, the cleaning of the apical third was similar for the three different instrumentation systems. The single-file system is equal in effectiveness compared with the multiple-file system in reducing the microbial load.

Abstract Introduction: social or school factors influence the acquisition and selection of foods to be consumed. Objective: identifying the socioeconomic or school level that has the greatest weight in the acquisition of food in Mexican households. Methods: cross-sectional, retrospective and comparative study based on the database of the 2018 National Household Expenditure-Income Survey of Mexico. We worked with the national total of 73,274 Mexican households. The variables considered were: expenditure module of food and beverages, school grade of the head of the family and socioeconomic status to which the household belongs. For the statistical analysis, the following tests were used: linear regression analysis, as well as variance analysis, Snedecor's F test, post-hoc test and Schefé's confirmatory test. Results: socioeconomic status has a greater weight (p < 0.001) for food acquisition. Sugary drinks were the most widely acquired in all social and school levels. The lowest social level is the one who acquires the most cereals, fats, sugars and legumes, while for high school levels animal foods and processed meats are the ones most frequently acquired. Conclusion: the socioeconomic level has a great weight in the acquisition and variety of foods, although this does not mean that foods obtained are the healthiest. Therefore, public policies are urgently required in favor of nutritional education at all school levels, which promote the purchase of healthy foods and compete with commercial advertising strategies.

Resumen Introducción: los factores sociales o escolares influyen en la adquisición y selección de alimentos a consumir. Objetivo: identificar el nivel socioeconómico o escolar que tenga mayor peso en la adquisición de alimentos en hogares mexicanos. Métodos: estudio transversal, retrospectivo y comparativo a partir de la base de datos de la Encuesta Nacional de Ingreso-Gasto en Hogares de México de 2018. Se trabajó con el total nacional de 73.274 hogares mexicanos. Las variables consideradas fueron: módulo de gasto de alimentos y bebidas, grado escolar del jefe de familia y condición socioeconómica a la que pertenece el hogar. Para el análisis estadístico se utilizó análisis de regresión lineal, así como análisis de varianza, prueba F de Snedecor, prueba post-hoc y confirmatoria de Schefé. Resultados: el nivel socioeconómicao tiene un mayor peso (p < 0,001) para la adquisición de los alimentos. Las bebidas azucaradas fueron las de mayor adquisición en todos los niveles sociales y escolares. El nivel social más bajo es el que adquiere la mayor cantidad de cereales, grasas, azucares y leguminosas, mientras que en los niveles escolares altos son los alimentos de origen animal y carnes procesadas los más adquiridos. Conclusión: el nivel socioeconómico tiene mayor peso en la adquisición y variedad de los alimentos, aunque esto no quiere decir que por ello se obtengan los más saludables. Por lo tanto, se requiere urgentemente de políticas públicas en favor de una educación nutricional en todos los niveles escolares, que promueva la compra de alimentos saludables y que compita con las estrategias publicitarias comerciales.

Resumen La nanotecnología es considerada como la revolución industrial del siglo XXI, por esto la obtención y aplicación de nanopartículas (NPs) es de vital interés para muchos rubros de la ciencia e industria. El uso de las NPs-Fe3O4 obtenidas por síntesis verde se extiende desde la cosmética, medicina, remediación ambiental, eléctrica y electrónica, debido a sus características térmicas, ópticas y magnéticas, sin mencionar el bajo costo de producción. En esta revisión se analizan los factores con mayor efecto durante la síntesis de NPs-Fe3O4 como lo son el pH, la temperatura, el tiempo, la cantidad de precursores metálicos y cantidad de metabolitos secundarios; variables que afectan de manera directa el tamaño, forma y morfología de las NPs-Fe3O4.

Abstract Nanotechnology is considered the industrial revolution of the 21st century, for this reason obtaining and applying nanoparticles (NPs) is of vital interest to many areas of science and industry. The use of NPs-Fe3O4 obtained by green synthesis extends from cosmetics, medicine, environmental remediation, electrical and electronics, due to their thermal, optical and magnetic characteristics, not to mention low production cost. In this review, the factors with the greatest effect during the synthesis of NPs-Fe3O4 were analyzed, such as pH, temperature, time, the amount of metal precursors and the concentration of secondary metabolites; variables that arise directly from the size, shape and morphology of NPs- NPs- Fe3O4.

Resumen El cultivo de chile (Capsicum annum) en México representa una fuente importante de ingresos; sin embargo, cada año se presentan pérdidas en la producción entre el 40 y 100% por la enfermedad conocida como marchitez. Esta enfermedad provoca la muerte prematura de plantas ocasionada por el complejo formado por Rhizoctonia solani, Fusarium oxysporum, F. solani y Phytophthora capsici. El objetivo de esta investigación fue aislar hongos antagónicos a patógenos asociados a la marchitez del chile a partir de muestras de suelo obtenidas en el sur de Guanajuato, México. Se aislaron hongos con potencial antagónico a Phytophthora spp., Fusarium spp. y Rhizoctonia spp. Se identificaron tres hongos con actividad antagónica constante, inhibiendo el crecimiento micelial, entre el 41-83%. La identificación molecular de los antagonistas se realizó amplificando las regiones intergénicas transcripcionales (ITS) del componente ADN 18S ribosomal, identificando los géneros Trichoderma, Aspergillus y Penicillium. Esta investigación contribuye al estudio de alternativas de control biológico de patógenos de raíz, empleando microorganismos nativos presentes en suelos de cultivo afectados por la marchitez del chile en el sur de Guanajuato, México.

Abstract The chili crop (Capsicum annuum) in Mexico represents an important economic source; however, every year there are losses in production of 40 to 100% due to the root disease known as wilt, which causes premature death of plants, this disease is caused by the fungi complex formed by Rhizoctonia solani, Fusarium oxysporum, Fusarium solani and Phytophthora capsici. The objective of this research was to isolate antagonistic fungi to the pathogens causing wilt from soil samples obtained in the southern of the state of Guanajuato, Mexico. Antagonistic fungi potential against Rhizoctonia spp., Fusarium spp. and Phytophthora spp. were isolated. Then three fungi isolates presented antagonistic potential, inhibiting mycelial growth by 41 to 83%. Molecular identification of the antagonist fungi was performed by amplifying the intergenic transcriptional regions (ITS) of the 18S ribosomal DNA component of fungi. This research contributes to the study of biological control of root pathogens using beneficial native microorganisms present in crop soils affected by pathogens associated with chili wilt in southern Guanajuato, Mexico.

ABSTRACT The average yield and quality of sweetpotato in Brazil are below the crop potential due to several traits that can be improved by plant breeding. This study aimed to evaluate the performance of sweet potato advanced clones with potential to be released as new cultivars, recommend cultivars with better attributes for grower's needs at the subtropical region of Brazil or to be used as parents in breeding programs. The genotypes MD1604002, MD1611010, MD1609023, MD1609024, MD1609026, and MD1610036 and cultivars Brazlândia Roxa, Beauregard, BRS Cuia, BRS Amélia, and BRS Rubissol, were evaluated during two seasons 2020/2021 and 2021/2022, in Canoinhas-SC. The experiments were conducted in complete randomized blocks design with four replications where plots were composed of three rows with 15 plants each, spaced 0.75 m apart with 0.35 m between plants. Storage roots were harvested 180 days after planting and evaluated for yield, appearance, insect damage, and shape characteristics. ‘BRS Rubissol’, the genotype MD1610036, with higher root yield, storage roots shape, appearance, and less susceptible to insect damage, and MD1609024, with a good root yield, similar or superior to cultivars Brazlândia Roxa, Beauregard, and BRS Amélia, stood out, and have potential to be cultivated in this region. ‘Brazlândia Roxa’ and genotype MD1611010 are potential sources of resistance genes to insect damage, which is one of the biggest challenges in sweetpotato production in Brazil.

RESUMO A produtividade média e a qualidade da batata-doce no Brasil estão abaixo do potencial da cultura, devido, dentre outros fatores, a caracteres que podem ser melhorados pelo melhoramento genético de plantas. Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar o desempenho de clones avançados de batata-doce com potencial para serem lançados como novas cultivares, e também recomendar cultivares com melhores características para produtores da região subtropical do Brasil, ou para serem utilizadas como genitores em programas de melhoramento. Os genótipos de batata-doce MD1604002, MD1611010, MD1609023, MD1609024, MD1609026 e MD1610036 e as cultivares Brazlândia Roxa, Beauregard, BRS Cuia, BRS Amélia e BRS Rubissol, foram avaliados durante duas safras 2020/2021 e 2021/2022, em Canoinhas-SC. Os experimentos foram conduzidos em delineamento de blocos completos casualizados com quatro repetições de parcelas compostas por três linhas com 15 plantas cada, espaçadas 0.75 m com 0.35 m entre plantas. As raízes foram colhidas 180 dias após o plantio e avaliadas quanto ao rendimento, aparência, danos causados por insetos e características de formato. Destacam-se ‘BRS Rubissol’ e o genótipo MD1610036 com elevado rendimento, formato, a aparência de raízes, e menos suscetíveis a danos por insetos, além de MD1609024, com rendimento de raízes similar ou superior às cultivares Brazlândia Roxa, Beauregard e BRS Amélia, se destacaram e apresentam potencial para serem cultivados nesta região. ‘Brazlândia Roxa’ e o genótipo MD1611010 são potenciais fontes de genes de resistência a danos causados por insetos, que é um dos maiores desafios na produção de batata-doce no Brasil.

Resumen El objetivo de este estudio fue comparar características generales y de atención en salud entre menores y sus madres migrantes y no migrantes en indígenas Tarahumaras, en Chihuahua, México. Así mismo, se evaluó la asociación entre el riesgo de retraso en neurodesarrollo en niños y las prácticas de estimulación oportuna. Niños y niñas de entre 12 a 48 meses de edad fueron estudiados en dos grupos: 1) menores de madres migrantes ubicados en asentamientos urbanos en la ciudad de Chihuahua y 2) menores de madres no migrantes residentes en sus localidades de origen. La prevalencia de riesgo de retraso del neurodesarrollo moderado y grave (RNMG) fue mayor en menores de madres migrantes versus no migrantes (75.6%, IC95% (69.5, 80.8) vs 59.8%, (51.4, 67.7), p = .003). La proporción de niños(as) que recibieron una estimulación oportuna favorable (EOF) en casa fue mayor en los menores de madres no migrantes (p < .001). La migración de las madres indígenas hacia asentamientos urbanos estuvo asociada al RNMG en sus hijos(as) (p = .03), así como las prácticas insuficientes de estimulación oportuna (p = .03). La asistencia consistente a sesiones de estimulación temprana del programa de Educación Inicial fue mayor en niños(as) de madres no migrantes (p = .01); y la no asistencia fue predictor del RNMG (p = .02).

Abstract This study aimed to compare the general and health care characteristics of young children of migrant and non-migrant mothers from indigenous Tarahumara communities in Chihuahua, Mexico, and to evaluate the association between child risk for neurodevelopment delay with parental practices of early childhood stimulation. Male and female children aged 12 to 48 months were studied in two groups: 1) children of migrant mothers residing in urban settlements and 2) children of non-migrant mothers residing in their native rural localities. Prevalence of the risk of moderate to severe neurodevelopment delay (MSND) was greater in children of migrant mothers as compared to non-migrant mothers (75.6%, CI95% (69.5, 80.8) vs. 59.8%, (51.4, 67.7), p = .003). The proportion of children who received adequate and favorable early stimulation (FTES) at home was greater in children of non-migrant mothers (p < .001). The migration of indigenous mothers to urban settlements was associated with child MSND (p = .03), as well as to insufficient early stimulation practices (p = .03). Consistent attendance at early childhood stimulation sessions through the Initial Education program was greater in children of non-migrant mothers (p = .01), and non-attendance predicted child MSND (p = .02).

Abstract Ethnobiology helps to better understand research processes involving humans and nature. It produces important information for the management of ecosystems and their natural resources. The mangrove crab (Ucides cordatus) is an endemic mangrove crustacean that lives in close association with arboreal vegetation and whose distribution extends throughout this ecosystem along the Brazilian coast. It plays an important role in ecosystem processes, actively participating in sediment bioturbation and the flow of organic matter and energy, affecting the entire trophic chain of coastal environments. This study compiles ethnobiological data from catchers in the Itanhaém River Estuary (SP) on the biology of the mangrove crab according to morphotype (male and female), biological cycle (growth and reproductive period), fishing season, and its participation in the trophic chain of mangroves. Thus, this study serves as a basis for education and environmental management actions. The authors conducted interviews using the snowball technique and applied a semi-structured questionnaire with open and closed questions for catchers. We submitted the data to qualitative and quantitative analysis and compared it with data from the available literature. We interviewed the entire sample universe of catchers in the study area. Ethnobiological data referring to the periods of growth and reproduction coincided with literature data in the following proportions: 66.8 % for Brazil and 82.5 % for the southeast-south region. The results reinforce the relevance and accuracy of local ecological knowledge in the interpretation of data from nature. Moreover, the results show gaps in compliance with the norms for the protection of this species.

Resumo Contexto A doença arterial periférica (DAP) é uma doença com alta morbidade global, afetando mais de 200 milhões de pessoas. Objetivos Neste estudo, analisamos o tratamento cirúrgico para DAP no sistema público de saúde do Brasil no período de 12 anos, com base em dados publicamente disponíveis. Métodos O estudo foi conduzido a partir da análise de dados disponíveis na plataforma do Departamento de Informática do Sistema Único de Saúde (DATASUS), do Ministério da Saúde, avaliando a distribuição da técnica cirúrgica utilizada, a mortalidade e o custo ao longo dos anos. Resultados Um total de 129.424 procedimentos foram analisados (para claudicantes e isquemia crítica, em proporção desconhecida). A maiora dos procedimentos foi via endovascular (65,49%), com tendência de aumento nessa desproporção (p < 0,001). Houve 3.306 mortes intra-hospitalares (mortalidade de 2,55%) com menor mortalidade no grupo endovascular (1,2% vs. 5,0%; p = 0,008). O investimento governamental total para esses procedimentos foi de US$ 238.010.096,51, e os procedimentos endovasculares foram significativamente mais caros que a cirurgia aberta convencional (US$ 1.932,27 vs. US$ 1.517,32; p = 0,016). Conclusões No sistema público de saúde brasileiro, as revascularizações de membros inferiores ocorreram com frequência crescente entre 2008 e 2019. Os procedimentos endovasculares foram mais comuns e relacionados a menor mortalidade intra-hospitalar, mas a maiores custos.

Abstract Background Worldwide, peripheral arterial disease (PAD) is a disorder with high morbidity, affecting more than 200 million people. Objectives Our objective was to analyze surgical treatment for PAD provided on the Brazilian Public Healthcare System over 12 years using publicly available data. Methods The study was conducted with analysis of data available on the Brazilian Health Ministry’s database platform, assessing distributions of procedures and techniques over the years and their associated mortality and costs. Results A total of 129,424 procedures were analyzed (performed either for claudication or critical ischemia, proportion unknown). The vast majority of procedures were endovascular (65.49%) and this disproportion exhibited a rising trend (p<0.001). There were 3,306 in-hospital deaths (mortality of 2.55%), with lower mortality in the endovascular group (1.2% vs. 5.0%, p=0.008). The overall governmental expenditure on these procedures was U$ 238,010,096.51, and endovascular procedures were on average significantly more expensive than open surgery (U$ 1,932.27 vs. U$ 1,517.32; p=0.016). Conclusions Lower limb revascularizations were performed on the Brazilian Public Healthcare System with gradually increasing frequency from 2008 to 2019. Endovascular procedures were vastly more common and were associated with lower in-hospital mortality rates, but higher procedure costs.

Abstract In 2015, a serious environmental disaster occurred at ULTRACARGO - Aratu S/A Terminal (Cubatão, SP) causing a long-lasting, large-scale, fire that resulted in the release of various chemical pollutants, including those used to contain the fire. These pollutants affected adjacent regions and the innermost area of the Santos-São Vicente Estuarine System, requiring the assessment of environmental quality in two mangrove areas post-disaster (2016). This assessment considered biomarkers for the species including population density, structure, and cytogenotoxicity. The population structure and cytotoxicity of Ucides cordatus (Linnaeus, 1763) only changed slightly from pre-disaster (2013) to post-disaster (2016), as a consequence of the greater resilience and biological flexibility of this crab to environmental stress caused by pollutants. We recommend continuous monitoring be conducted using this species endemic to the mangroves of the study site, as this will make it possible to assess the magnitude of the chronic environmental impacts of the accident. In addition, it could guide environmental agencies in damage mitigation or in the quantification of possible future impacts.

Abstract: Progress has been made in the knowledge of the characteristics and behavior of COVID-19, which should be used by health professionals in order to protect their patients and themselves. The objective of this updated review of the literature was to inform about the disinfectants that can be used to disinfect surfaces and instruments in the dental office. An electronic exploration was carried out to select scientific information in PubMed through the NCBI, Virtual Health Library and in databases SciELO, Redalyc, Dialnet, Latindex, Cochrane Library, LILACS and academic repositories, the information used included review articles, original articles and theses related to SARS-CoV-2/COVID-19 and disinfectants during the period January 2019 to January 2021, also considering some relevant articles on disinfection, from previous years.

Resumen: Se ha avanzado en el conocimiento de las características y comportamiento del COVID-19, lo cual debe ser aprovechado por los profesionales de la salud a fin de proteger a sus pacientes y a ellos mismos. El objetivo de esta revisión actualizada de la literatura fue informar sobre los desinfectantes que se pueden utilizar para descontaminar superficies e instrumental en la consulta odontológica. Se realizó una exploración electrónica para seleccionar información científica en PubMed a través del NCBI, Biblioteca Virtual en Salud y en bases de datos SciELO, Redalyc, Dialnet, Latindex, Cochrane Library, LILACS y repositorios académicos, la información utilizada comprendió artículos de revisión, artículos originales y tesis relacionadas con SARS-CoV-2/COVID-19 y desinfectantes durante el periodo enero 2019 a enero 2021, considerando también algunos artículos relevantes sobre desinfección, de años anteriores.

Abstract The hunger that persists in the world’s population is considered as one of the deeper problems that society has not yet resolved. For Mexico, data from the National Council of Evaluation Policy of Social Development (Coneval) suggest that in 2014, 23% of mexicans suffered from lack access to food. This research presents a diagnosis about the power of households in a situation of hunger in the country. The work general objective is to examine the behavior of the magnitude and intensity of hunger in mexican households in the period from 2008 to 2014, revised through the deficit in energy consumption necessary to develop daily physical and intellectual tasks in the context of food prices crisis. The methodology used was based on the use of micro-data from the National Survey of Income and Expenditure Household (ENIGH) of 2008 and 2014, from which developed an indicator on the food situation in households. The results show that during the analysis period the number of households in a situation of hunger increased in 177,768 units, in this sense, for 2014 the hunger affected 11,238,031 households, its characteristic consumption pattern is constituted by different groups such as cereals (tortilla and rice), products of animal origin such as chicken meat and offal, milk, cheese and eggs, and processed cereals and beverages.

Resumen El hambre que persiste en la población mundial se considera como uno de los problemas más profundos que la sociedad aún no ha resuelto. Para México, los datos del Consejo Nacional de Evaluación de la Política de Desarrollo Social (Coneval) indican en 2014, que el 23% de los mexicanos padecían carencia de acceso a la alimentación. En este artículo se presenta un diagnóstico sobre la carencia en el consumo de alimentos en los hogares mexicanos. El trabajo tiene como objetivo examinar la magnitud e intensidad del hambre en los hogares mexicanos entre 2008 y 2014, vista a través del déficit en el consumo de energía necesario para desarrollar las tareas físicas e intelectuales cotidianas en el contexto de la crisis del precio de los alimentos. La aproximación metodológica es cuantitativa por lo que se utilizaron los microdatos de la Encuesta Nacional de Ingresos y Gastos de los Hogares (ENIGH) de 2008 y 2014, a partir de los que se elaboró un indicador que clasifica la condición alimentaria de los hogares, haciendo un especial énfasis en aquellos que tuvieron un consumo por debajo de lo recomendado. Los resultados muestran que durante el periodo de análisis el número de hogares en situación de hambre se incrementó en 177,768 unidades, en este sentido, para 2014 el hambre afectó a 11,238,031 hogares, su patrón de consumo característico está constituido por distintos grupos como los cereales (la tortilla de maíz y el arroz), los productos de origen animal como la carne y vísceras de pollo, leche, queso y huevo, y los cereales y bebidas procesadas.

Resumen: El objetivo es identificar en el currículum escolar mexicano la propuesta que ofrece para trabajar el concepto de pendiente en tercer grado de educación secundaria (grado escolar que atiende a estudiantes entre 14 y 15 años de edad); en particular, identificar el tipo de actividades didácticas y su relación con el significado de pendiente. El estudio tiene un enfoque cualitativo a través del método estudio de casos, centrado en el análisis documental de los Planes y programas de estudios 2006 y 2011 y Orientaciones didácticas 2017 de la Secretaría de Educación Pública de la asignatura de matemáticas para tercer grado escolar de secundaria. El análisis implicó hacer una revisión de los tres documentos en torno a la información conceptual y sugerencias didácticas, así como el tipo de actividades para los estudiantes. Los resultados muestran que los documentos oficiales 2006 y 2017 plantean que la pendiente debe trabajarse desde sistema de coordenadas cartesianas en términos de razón de cambio, para ello sugiere actividades, que en su mayoría, están contextualizadas e involucran unidades de medida no homogéneas. Este tipo de actividades podría provoca dificultad de compresión en los estudiantes en cuanto a determinar si la pendiente es solo un número y, cómo a partir de la razón de cambio, hace referencia a la posición de la recta respeto del eje de las abscisas en el plano cartesiano. Es necesario que la propuesta curricular incluya actividades centradas en unidades homogéneas, de modo que les permita a los estudiantes comprender significado y valor de la pendiente.

Abstract: The objective is to identify in the Mexican school curriculum the proposal that it offers to study the concept of slope in third grade of high school (students between 14 and 15 years of age), in particular, identify the type of didactic activities and their relationship with the definition of slope. This research has a qualitative approach through the case study method, focused on the documentary analysis of the Plans and study programs 2006 and 2011 and Didactic Orientations 2017 of the Secretaría de Educación Pública to subject mathematics. The analysis involved making a review of the three documents around the conceptual information and didactic suggestions, as well as the type of activities for the students. The results show that the official documents 2006 and 2017 state that the slope should be worked from the Cartesian coordinate system in terms of ratio of change, suggesting activities, most of which are contextualized and involve non-homogeneous units of measurement. This type of activities could cause difficulty of comprehension in the students as to determine if the slope is only a number and how, from the rate of change, it refers to the position of the line with respect to the abscissa axis in the Cartesian plane. It is necessary that the curricular proposal includes activities whit on homogeneous units, in order to allow students to understand the meaning and value of the slope.

ABSTRACT Introduction: In Cuba, in 2016, people over the age of 60 made up 19.8% of the population, and Havana was one of the most aged provinces. In 2018 it increased to 20.4%. In Zanja Street, people of different ethnic groups reside, with diverse cultural heritage and traditions and different visions of the sense and meaning of old age. Objective: Characterize the sense of old age of older adults and the old-age meaning of children, adolescents, young people and average adults, residing on Zanja Street. Methods: An exploratory study was carried out, based on a mixed methodology: qualitative and quantitative. The observational method was used and, consequently, it was decided to make use of in-depth interview techniques, non-participating observation, with their corresponding guidelines, percentage technique and data triangulation. Results: Older adults expressed satisfaction with material and spiritual needs at a high level; although 50% of retirees reported not receiving care from the organizations to which they belonged. A high percentage of average adults said that older adults are important and useful people, they have experience and are helpful. Children, teenagers and young people said that what they love most about their grandparents is that they love and help them and what they don't like is that they argue and get sick. Conclusions: If older adults are important to the families, communities and the society, the material conditions of their life and environment need to be improved, and so they can feel acknowledge for their contributions.

RESUMEN Introducción: En Cuba, en el 2016, las personas mayores de 60 años constituían el 19,8 % de la población, y La Habana era una de las provincias más envejecidas. En 2018 aumentó a 20,4 %. En la calle Zanja, residen pobladores de distintos grupos étnicos, con herencias y tradiciones culturales diversas y diferentes visiones del sentido y significado de vejez. Objetivo: Caracterizar el sentido de vejez de los adultos mayores y el significado de vejez de los niños, adolescentes, jóvenes y adultos medios, residentes en la calle Zanja. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio exploratorio, a partir de una metodología mixta: cualitativa y cuantitativa. Se utilizó el método observacional y, en consecuencia, se decidió hacer uso de las técnicas de entrevista en profundidad, la observación no participante, con sus correspondientes guías, la técnica porcentual y la triangulación de datos. Resultados: Los adultos mayores manifestaron satisfacción de las necesidades materiales y espirituales en un alto nivel; aunque el 50 % de los jubilados declaró no recibir atención de las organizaciones a las que pertenecían. Un alto porcentaje de adultos medios opinaron que los adultos mayores son personas importantes y útiles, tienen experiencia y constituyen ayuda. Los niños, adolescentes y jóvenes refirieron que lo que más les gusta de sus abuelos es que los quieren y los ayudan y lo que no les gusta es que pelean y se enferman. Conclusiones: Si los adultos mayores son importantes para las familias, comunidad y sociedad, es preciso mejorar las condiciones materiales de su existencia y del entorno y que se sientan reconocidos por sus aportes.

RESUMO A modificação do manejo hídrico na cultura do café Conilon (Coffea canephora) pode ser uma estratégia para melhorar a eficiência do manejo nutricional e garantir um melhor aproveitamento por parte dos genótipos para região de altitude de transição. O objetivo do estudo foi avaliar as características nutricionais de 27 genótipos de C. canephora, submetidos a dois manejos de água no solo, visando identificar genótipos que apresentam evidências de maiores teores foliares, exportações e potencial de reciclagem de nutrientes em seus ramos produtivos. O experimento foi conduzido em esquema de parcelas subdividida, em delineamento de blocos casualizados, com três repetições. Os tratamentos consistiram nos 27 genótipos de C. canephora e dois manejos de água no solo (“Irrigado” e “Suprido apenas pela chuva”). Foram avaliados os teores nutricionais foliares, os conteúdos nutricionais exportados pelos frutos e os conteúdos nutricionais potencialmente recicláveis após a poda (folhas e caule dos ramos plagiotrópicos), dos macronutrientes: nitrogênio, fósforo, potássio, cálcio e magnésio. Houve diferenciação entre os genótipos para todas as características avaliadas em ambos os manejos de água no solo. Porém, houve formação de um maior número de grupos homogêneos entre os genótipos no manejo irrigado. Os genótipos apresentaram distinção nas características nutricionais em resposta aos manejos de água no solo. Os genótipos 108 e 302 acumularam maiores conteúdos nutricionais exportado pelos frutos, independentemente do manejo de água no solo.

ABSTRACT The modification of water management in the Conilon coffee (Coffea canephora) crop is a possible strategy to improve nutritional management efficiency and ensure better use of the genotypes for regions of transitional altitude. The objective of this study was to evaluate the nutritional characteristics of 27 genotypes of C. canephora and submit them to two water management schemes in soil. The goal was to find evidence of higher leaf contents, exports, and nutrient recycling potential in the productive branches of various genotypes. The experiment was carried out in a randomized block design with three replications in a split-plot scheme. The treatment consisted of 27 genotypes of C. canephora and two water management schemes in soil (“Irrigated” and “Rainfed”). Nutritional content in leaves, exported by fruits, and pruned (leaves and stem of plagiotropic branches) recyclable contents were evaluated for nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, and magnesium. Variations were observed among genotypes for all the parameters evaluated in both water management in soil. However, significant homogeneous groups were formed among the genotypes in the irrigated management. Furthermore, the genotypes showed distinct nutritional characteristics in response to water management in the soil. Genotypes 108 and 302 had higher nutritional content and were exported by fruits, regardless of soil water management.

Abstract Londrina is the fourth most populous city in southern Brazil. Its subtropical weather with rain in all seasons, as well as its high population density, make the city perfect for the Aedes aegypti (Linnaeus, 1762) life cycle. Over the last few years, Londrina presented high infestation indexes and was one of the cities with the most reported cases of dengue. Uncontrolled use of synthetic insecticides may influence the mosquito’s genetic composition. In this paper, we studied mitochondrial DNA and kdr mutations in Aedes aegypti. The analysis of the ND4 gene in 330 specimens showed the presence of 27 haplotypes. The pyrethroid resistance alleles (kdr) evaluated are present in the collected populations, with a 50% frequency of the Val1016Ile and 48% of the Phe1534Cys mutations. Such analysis of the mutations in the populations collected at the State University of Londrina’s campus – a microenvironment that differs from the rest of the city – showed frequencies of 57% and 62%, respectively. The low gene flow observed, Nm = 0.11 and Nm = 0.10, along with the elevated differentiation, Fst = 0.19 and Fst = 0.18, among populations suggest an influence of genetic drift. The strong presence of resistance alleles kdr in the city is evident, which demonstrates that even with the interruption of the use of pyrethroids by the National Dengue Control Program, resistance may be maintained due to domestic use. Thus, the results have shown the need for genetic monitoring, alongside other entomological surveillance monitoring tools, to create strategies of mosquito control.